I. Tok i go pas
Ol 'crystal oscillators', olsem ol bikpela samting bilong bosim frikwensi, ol i save yusim planti long ol indastrial ikwipmen, sekyuriti monitoring sistem, medikel divais, otomotiv ilektroniks, smat haus aplayans, na ol narapela wok. Long lukluk bilong bikpela samting, wok bilong wokim global infomesen infrastraksa i pas tru wantaim wok bilong kamapim ol 'crystal oscillator'. Dispela atikol i skelim gut ol teknoloji evolusen bilong ol kristal osileta-stat long taim ol i painim 'piezoelectric effect' i go inap long 'nano-scale packaging-na i soim olsem wanem ol i bin kirapim teknoloji bilong ol manmeri long kamap gut long 4-pela indastrial revolusen.
II. Divelopmen Histri bilong ol Kristal Osileta
1. Taim bilong Teknoloji Enlaitmen
Long 1880, brata Jacques na Pierre Curie i painimaut olsem taim ol i putim 'mechanical stress' long ol 'quartz crystal plates' dispela i save kamapim wanpela 'electric charge displacement', na ol i kamapim tingting bilong 'piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectric Effect Principle: Taim ol i putim presa long ol 'piezoelectric' samting, wanpela 'electric potential difference' i save kamap (ol i kolim olsemstretpela piezoelektrik ifek). Long narapela sait, taim yu putim voltej dispela i save kamapim hevi long masin (olinverse piezoelectric effect). Sapos presa i gat hai-frikwensi vaibresen, em i save kamapim hai-frikwensi lektrik karent. Taim ol i putim ol hai-frikwensi lektrikel signal long ol 'piezoelectric ceramics', ol i save kamapim ol hai-frikwensi akustik signal (mekanikal vaibresen), ol i save kolim olsemol signal bilong 'ultrasonic'.
Long 1918, Paul Langevin i bin mekim wok painimaut long yusim ol 'quartz crystal plates' long kamapim ol 'sonar' sistem bilong painim ol sabmarin. Dispela i involvim wok bilong bungim planti wok bilong sonar long kisim gutpela infomesen na sentralais kontrol long inapim ol taktikal rikwaemen, olsem painim nois dairesen, eko renjing, sonar puls diteksen, taget aidentifikesen, na torpedo woning. Langevin i yusim ol X-kat 'quartz' plet long kamapim na painim ol 'soundwave' aninit long wara.
Long 1921, Profesa WG Cady bilong Wesleyan Yunivesiti i kisim 'patent' long 'quartz crystal oscillator'. Patent bilong em i yusim ol 'quartz crystal resonator' long bosim frikwensi bilong 'oscillator' na i tok olsem ol 'quartz bar/plates' em ol 'frequency standards' na 'filter'. Olsem na, Cady em i namba wan man long yusim ol 'quartz crystals' long bosim 'frequency' insait long ol 'oscillator circuits'.
Long 1923, Profesa bilong Harvard, GW Pierce, i kamapim wanpela 'crystal oscillator circuit' we i putim kristal namel long grid na anod bilong wanpela 'vacuum tube valve'-wanpela samting we i kamap pastaim long Pierce 'oscillator configuration'.
Long 1925, Westinghouse Electric i putim wanpela 'crystal oscillator' olsem bikpela 'oscillator' bilong redio stesin bilong ol KDKA.
Van Dyke i kamapim wanpela 'equivalent circuit model' bilong ol 'quartz crystal resonator'. Dispela seket i gat tupela resonant frikwensi:'series resonant frequency' (fs), we Lg-Cg-Rg brens i save pairap, na'parallel resonant frequency' (fp), olgeta 'circuit resonance'. Long wanem Cg < C0, ol dispela 'frequency' i klostu tru. Reaktans-frikwensi mak i soim induktiv pasin namel long fs na fp, na kapasitiv pasin long ol narapela hap.
Long 1926, ol i painim na yusim ol 'Y-cut crystals. I kam inap long dispela taim, ol i yusim ol X-katim 'quartz crystals' tasol. Taim ol X-kat kristal i gat wanpela tempereja koefisen bilong ~-20ppm/ digri , ol Y-kat kristal i soim ~+100ppm/ digri , we i soim olsem ol narapela narapela kristal kat inap long givim ol narapela narapela tempereja koefisen.
Long 1927, Warren Marrison bilong Bell Labs i kamapim namba wan 'quartz crystal oscillator standard'.
Long 1928, Warren Marrison i wokim namba wan 'quartz crystal' klok long Bell Telephone Laboratories. Ol 'quartz' klok i senisim ol 'precision pendulum' klok olsem ol 'timekeepers' we i save wok stret tru long wol (inap long ol 'atomic clock').
Ol atomik klokyusim ol 'electromagnetic waves' we i kamap long taim bilong 'atomic energy absorption/release' bilong painimaut taim, na kisim 'precision' bilong ~1 seken asua long 20 milien yia-nau em i nambawan 'timekeeping tool' long wol.
Long 1934, AT- na BT-cut quartz crystal resonator i kamap, we Lack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Japan), na Beckmann/Straubel (Germany) i painim.
2. Taim bilong R&D: Wokim planti kristal osileta
Long 1950, ol i wokim ol atomik klok. Ol 'quartz' klok i save winim mak bilong 1 seken insait long 30 yia (30ms/yr). Bell Labs i bin kirapim wanpela 'hydrothermal' proses bilong groim ol 'quartz crystal' long sait bilong bisnis.
3. Taim bilong Divelopmen: Batch Prodaksen na Sift long Militeri i go long Sivilien Yus
Long 1968, Juergen Staudte bilong North American Aviation i kamapim 'photolithography' proses bilong wokim ol 'quartz crystal oscillators', na dispela i mekim na ol i ken wokim ol liklik samting olsem ol wats.
Long 1976, ol namba wan SC-kat kristal i kamap. Ol i save yusim pastaim long ol 'oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs) bikos ol i gat gutpela tempereja koefisen long ol OCXO opereting tempereja.
4. Taim bilong kamap hariap: Ol kain kain wok insait long ol samting bilong elektronik
Stat long 1990 i kam inap nau, ol 'quartz oscillators' i bin senis long DIP i go long ol liklik SMD paket, na ol i senis long ol 'traditional metal casings' i go long ol 'plastic/metal/ceramic encapsulations'. Ol samting we ol i nidim long mekim wok stret na planti taim i go antap, na i nidim ol gutpela wok bilong wokim ol samting. Ol aplikesen i go bikpela long ol liklik yus i go long ol kain kain wok olsem 5G, IoT, otomotiv elektroniks, smat heltke, na ol intelijen aplains.
III. Samari
Ol 70+ yia stat long 1880 i go inap 1956 i makim taim bilong kamapim ol 'quartz oscillators', we ol i bin kamapim ol nupela samting na ol man i bin kamapim ol nupela samting. Progres bilong 'quartz' teknoloji i soim olsem wok bilong painim, kliagut, na kamap bikpela isi isi-ol samting i no inap kamap hariap.